土壤碳的周轉(zhuǎn)與截獲機(jī)制是碳生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)過程研究領(lǐng)域中的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。土壤碳匯功能的提升是提高糧食安全、改善水質(zhì)、維持生物多樣性、保育土地健康等問題的關(guān)鍵,也是積極響應(yīng)我國黑土地保護(hù)工程與國際“碳中和”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候危機(jī)的必由之路。土壤有機(jī)碳(SOC)在陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤里主要以有機(jī)質(zhì)(SOM)的形式存在。伴隨著科技新手段的應(yīng)用以及理論的發(fā)展,學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)于SOM形成和穩(wěn)定的認(rèn)知已從傳統(tǒng)的腐殖質(zhì)觀點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)為更加關(guān)注土壤微生物的代謝調(diào)控,對(duì)于土壤微生物直接貢獻(xiàn)SOM形成及其碳庫的重要作用也逐漸達(dá)成了共識(shí)。
2017年,中國科學(xué)院沈陽應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所生態(tài)系統(tǒng)微生物學(xué)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在國際上首次提出了“土壤微生物碳泵”(soil Microbial Carbon Pump,簡(jiǎn)稱sMCP)概念,該理論聚焦了土壤微生物體內(nèi)同化過程及其死亡殘留物對(duì)土壤碳庫的貢獻(xiàn),并以sMCP概念為核心,闡明了土壤微生物對(duì)土壤碳截獲的調(diào)控機(jī)理,形成了包含“sMCP概念”、“土壤微生物雙重代謝途徑”和“續(xù)埋效應(yīng)”三方面為核心內(nèi)容的全新土壤碳固存理論體系,為土壤碳的生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)研究提供了新的思考模式。相關(guān)內(nèi)容以The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage為題,,發(fā)表在了Nature Microbiology雜志的Perspective專欄。后續(xù)該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)圍繞sMCP概念體系開展了一系列理論探索(圖1)和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究(表1)。

圖1 土壤微生物碳泵概念體系理論研究系列進(jìn)展示意圖
2019年,該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)成員以sMCP概念為理論指導(dǎo),集成了模型模擬、碳氮化學(xué)計(jì)量關(guān)系和生物標(biāo)識(shí)物比例換算方法,對(duì)土壤微生物殘?bào)w估算策略進(jìn)行深層次探討,首次較全面地綜合量化了微生物對(duì)SOM庫貢獻(xiàn)的數(shù)值范圍,并對(duì)估算中存在的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)性思辨和歸類。其中,通過對(duì)溫帶陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤微生物殘?bào)w的量化估算,報(bào)道了在溫帶農(nóng)田、草地和森林的表層土壤中,微生物死亡殘?bào)w碳在SOC庫里的占比顯著,微生物死亡殘?bào)w對(duì)農(nóng)田和草地的表土SOC貢獻(xiàn)的均值超過了50%,相關(guān)內(nèi)容以Quantitative assessment of microbial necromass contribution to soil organic matter為題,發(fā)表在了Global Change Biology雜志的Opinion專欄。
2020年,該團(tuán)隊(duì)研究人員通過對(duì)能源作物種植系統(tǒng)下土壤微生物殘?bào)w與SOC對(duì)土地利用方式異步響應(yīng)規(guī)律的分析,提出了有助于評(píng)價(jià)sMCP功能的參數(shù)(能力與能效)以及野外原位sMCP的評(píng)價(jià)策略,相關(guān)內(nèi)容以Opinion形式發(fā)表在Global Change Biology雜志,題目為The soil microbial carbon pump: from conceptual insights to empirical assessments。此外,該團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究人員又以Soil microbial carbon pump: Mechanism and appraisal為題,詳細(xì)解讀了sMCP介導(dǎo)的碳截獲過程的機(jī)理細(xì)節(jié)與影響因子,并對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)sMCP的標(biāo)識(shí)物方法及不足給予了探討,相關(guān)內(nèi)容以Review形式發(fā)表在Soil Ecology Letters雜志。同年,該團(tuán)隊(duì)成員還為Soil Biology and Biochemistry雜志撰寫了Editorial:Microbial necromass on the rise: the growing focus on its role in soil organic matter development,對(duì)土壤微生物介導(dǎo)土壤碳庫形成和穩(wěn)定的研究進(jìn)展做以歸納和簡(jiǎn)述,并對(duì)現(xiàn)有的研究挑戰(zhàn)以及未來的研究方向給予了闡述和展望,為新時(shí)期的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)研究以及全球氣候變化背景下的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的應(yīng)對(duì)策略提供了參考。
2021年,該團(tuán)隊(duì)研究人員首次為國內(nèi)同行詳述了sMCP概念內(nèi)涵、影響因素與應(yīng)用前景,不僅將近些年微生物源碳研究進(jìn)行了梳理和串聯(lián),同時(shí)有力夯實(shí)了以土壤微生物源碳為核心的sMCP理論體系,為推動(dòng)sMCP概念體系在我國土壤碳匯功能提升中的應(yīng)用提供理論指導(dǎo)與借鑒,相關(guān)內(nèi)容以綜述形式發(fā)表在中國科學(xué):地球科學(xué)雜志,題目為土壤微生物碳泵儲(chǔ)碳機(jī)制概論。
以sMCP的概念體系為研究主線,基于其儲(chǔ)碳機(jī)制的理論指導(dǎo)下,該團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究人員近幾年結(jié)合農(nóng)田和森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)探究了土壤微生物群落對(duì)SOM固存的主動(dòng)調(diào)控機(jī)制,通過對(duì)土壤微生物群落、死亡殘留物以及SOC等指標(biāo)的測(cè)定及對(duì)指標(biāo)間關(guān)系的探索,揭示了農(nóng)田保護(hù)性耕作和森林演替過程里土壤微生物與SOC間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)聯(lián),為土壤微生物介導(dǎo)的SOC形成和穩(wěn)定過程以及sMCP理論體系提供了諸多第一手野外試驗(yàn)與室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)支持,相關(guān)文章分別發(fā)表在Soil Biology and Biochemistry雜志、Global Change Biology Bioenergy雜志以及European Journal of Soil Biology雜志。

表1 基于實(shí)驗(yàn)的代表性研究進(jìn)展
(圖文:中國科學(xué)院沈陽應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所生態(tài)系統(tǒng)微生物學(xué)組)
文章列表
理論方面研究
1.Liang et al. 2017. The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage. Nature Microbiology. 2:17105. https://www.nature.com/articles/nmicrobiol2017105
2.Liang et al. 2019. Quantitative assessment of microbial necromass contribution to soil organic matter. Global Change Biology. 25:3578-3590. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14781
3.Zhu et al. 2020. The soil microbial carbon pump: From conceptual insights to empirical assessments. Global Change Biology. 26: 6032-6039. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15319
4.Liang, C. 2020. Soil microbial carbon pump: Mechanism and appraisal. Soil Ecology Letters. 2:241-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-020-0052-4
5.Liang et al. 2020. Microbial necromass on the rise: the growing focus on its role in soil organic matter development. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 150:108006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108000
6.梁超, 朱雪峰. 2021. 土壤微生物碳泵儲(chǔ)碳機(jī)制概論. 中國科學(xué):地球科學(xué), 51. https://engine.scichina.com/publisher/scp/journal/SSTe/doi/10.1360/SSTe-2020-0213?slug=fulltext
代表實(shí)驗(yàn)性研究
7.Zhu et al. 2018. The impacts of four potential bioenergy crops on soil carbon dynamics as shown by biomarker analyses and DRIFT spectroscopy. GCB Bioenergy. 10:489-500. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12520
8.Shao et al. 2018. Secondary successional forests undergo tightly-coupled changes in soil microbial community structure and soil organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 128:56-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.004
9.Shao et al. 2019. Reforestation accelerates soil organic carbon accumulation: Evidence from microbial biomarkers. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2019. 131:182-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.01.012
10.Zhu et al. 2020. Microbial trade-off in soil organic carbon storage in a no-till continuous corn agroecosystem. European Journal of Soil Biology. 96:103146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2019.103146
11.Shao et al. 2021. Tradeoffs among microbial life history strategies influence the fate of microbial residues in subtropical forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 153:108112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108112
12.Zheng et al. 2021. Turnover of gram-negative bacterial biomass-derived carbon through the microbial food web of an agricultural soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 152:108070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108070




